Reading plus: True, false, not given 01

few, human, daylight

If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, it would make no difference to us whether we were out and about at night or during the day, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, meaning our eyes are adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings any more than as primates or mammals, or Earthlings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: we’ve engineered it to meet our needs by filling it with light.

True

1. Few people recognize nowadays that human beings are designed to function best in daylight.

مردم اندکی امروزه تشخیص می دهند که انسان موجودی است برای فعالیت در روز.

در سوال میگوید مردم اندکی تشخیص میدهند. در متن پاراگراف اول می گوید “اکثر ما این را تشخیص نمی دهیم” Most of us do not think of ourselves as …

این دو جمله با هم هم معنی هستند ، پس گزاره درست (True) است.

Answer Analysis 02

پاسخ تشریحی سوال 02

Most, direction, intensity

2. This kind of engineering is no different from damming, a river. Its benefits come with consequences — called light pollution — whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky, where it is not wanted, instead of focusing it downward, where it is. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life — migration, reproduction, feeding — is affected.

True

2. Most light pollution is caused by the direction of artificial lights rather than their intensity.

اکثر آلودگی های نوری به سبب جهت نور مصنوعی است و نه بخاطر شدت آن.

در پاراگراف دوم، معادل کلمات زیر را می بابیم:

most = largely

light pollution = artificial light

direction = upward and outward

intensity = focus

معنی سوال و متن هم عینا یکسان است. آلودگی عمدتا به سبب جهت نور مصنوعی ایجاد میشود.

Answer Analysis 03

پاسخ تشریحی سوال 3

by 1800, London, light pollution,already

3. For most of human history, the phrase ‘light pollution’ would have made no sense. Imagine walking toward London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was one of Earth’s most populous cities. Nearly a million people lived there, making do, as they always had, with candles and lanterns. There would be no gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years.

False

3. By,1800 the city of London had such a large population, it was already causing light pollution.

تا قبل از سال 1800 جمعیت شهر لندن انقدر زیاد شده بود که پیشاپیش آلودگی آغاز شده بود.

در پاراگراف سوم معادلهای کلمات کلیدی زیر یافت میشود:

by 1800 = 1800

London = London

light pollution = gas light

by 1800 # another 7 years

در سطر آخر پاراگراف صراحتا اعلام میکند که هیچ چراغ گازی (مصداق آلودگی نوری) در خیابانهای لندن تا 7 سال بعد ( یعنی 1807) نیامده بود. ولی در گزاره سوال 3 میگوید قبلا آلودگی آغاز شده بود.

Answer Analysis 04

پاسخ تشریحی سوال 04

South atlantic, Fishermen, lightpolution, aware

5. In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars and taking their place is a constant orange glow, We’ve become so used to this/that the glory of an unlit night — dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth r is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost. And yet above the city’s pale ceiling lies the rest of the universe, utterly undiminished by the light we waste.

Not Given

4. The fishermen of the South Atlantic are unaware of the light pollution they are causing.

ماهیگیران آتلانتیک جنوبی از آلودگی نوری که ایجاد کرده بودند، اطلاعی نداشتند.

در پاراگراف چهارم تماما از آلودگی نوری که این ماهیگیران ایجاد میکنند صحبت شده. معادل همه ی کلمات کلیدی موجود است به جز کلمه aware .

وقتی معادل یک کلمه کلیدی موجود نباشد نمیتوان ارزش گزاره را تعیین کرد که غلط است یا درست.

Answer Analysis 05

پاسخ تشریحی سوال 05

Venus, year, more difficult

False: Shadows from the planet Venus are more difficult
to see at certain times of year: Although the fifth paragraph says
that an ‘unlit night’ is required to see the shadows of Venus and that this is ‘beyond memory almost’, there is no mention of it being connected to ‘certain times of year’

False

5. Shadows from the planet Venus are more difficult to see at certain times of the year.

سایه ها ( تصاویر) سیاره ونوس در زمانهایی از سال دشوارتر دیده می شود.

دقت کنید وقتی میگوییم “در زمانهایی از سال مشکل تر دیده می شود” یعنی زمانهایی از سال “آسان تر دیده می شود” . یعنی دست کم سالی یکی دو بار آسان تر!

در پاراگراف پنجم میگوید: “byound our experience, our memory” یعنی در تجربه و خاطره ی یک عمر ما وجود ندارد.

Answer Analysis 06

پاسخ تشریحی 06

Swiss valley, street lights, batts, total, decrease

6. Insects, of course, cluster around streetlights, and feeding on those insects is a crucial means of survival for many bat species. In some Swiss valleys the European lesser horseshoe bat began to vanish after streetlights were installed, perhaps because those valleys were suddenly filled with light-feeding pipistrelle bats. Other nocturnal mammals, like desert rodents and badgers, are more cautious about searching for food under the permanent full moon of light pollution because they’ve become easier targets for the predators who are hunting them.

False

6 . In some Swiss valleys, the total number of bats declined rapidly after the introduction of streetlights.

در برخی از مناطق “سوییس ولی” تعداد کل خفاشها با آمدن چراغهای خیابانی کاهش پیدا کرد.

در گزاره میگوید “تعداد کل خفاشها کاهش پیدا کرد” ولی در متن میگوید ” نوعی کاهش پیدا کرد و نوعی افزایش. و دلیل کاهش هم بخاطر حضور رقیبان بوده و نه نور چراغ”

Answer Analysis 07

پاسخ تشریحی سوال 07

first, attemp, limit, help, studying stars

TRUE: The first attempts to limit light pollution were carried
out to help those studying the stars: The last paragraph mentions
Tight pollution’ affecting astronomers. ‘In fact’ links the
next sentence to the astronomers and the text says ‘some of
the earliest civic efforts [= first attempts] to control [=limit] light pollution were made … to protect the view from Lowell Observatory [= to help those studying the stars– an observatory is where astronomers work].