6. We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species, it acts as a magnet. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being ‘captured’ by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop. Migrating at night, birds are apt to collide with brightly lit buildings; immature birds suffer in much higher numbers than adults.
Songbirds and seabirds : The worst-affected birds are those which are …. 8 (1) …… .
بیشترین آسیب ( تاثیر) را پرندگانی متحمل می شوند که ….. هستند.
کلمه اصلی songbirds and seabirds در پاراگراف ششم وجود دارد
در سوال میگوید : بیشترین آسیب (worst-affected) را پرندگان ….. متحمل می شوند.
در متن میگوید: به تعداد زیادتری مبتلا می شوند (suffer in much higher number)
6. We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species, it acts as a magnet. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being ‘captured’ by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop. Migrating at night, birds are apt to collide with brightly lit buildings; immature birds suffer in much higher numbers than adults.
Songbirds and seabirds: They bump into ….. 9 (2) …..which stand out at night.
آنها (پرندگان دریایی) برخورد میکنند با ….. که شبها بسیار درخشان هستند.
در پاراگراف ششم، معادل کلمات زیر را می بابیم:
songbirds = songbirds
seabirds = seabirds
bump into = collide with
معنی سوال و متن هم عینا یکسان است. انها به ساختمانهای خیلی روشن برخورد می کنند.
7. Insects, of course, cluster around streetlights, and feeding on those insects is a crucial means of survival for many bat species. In some Swiss valleys the European lesser horseshoe bat, began to vanish after streetlights were installed, perhaps because those valleys were suddenly filled with light-feeding pipistrelle bats. Other nocturnal mammals, like desert rodents and badgers, are more cautious about searching for food under the permanent full moon of light pollution because they’ve become easier targets for the predators who are hunting them.
Desert rodents and badgers They are more at risk from ….. 10 (3) ….
موش خرما و گورکن: این جانوران در خطر بیشتری از جانب ….. قراردارند.
در پاراگراف هفتم کلمات dessert rodents & badgers یافت میشود:
در سوال گفته این جانوران در خطر بیشتری () از جانب …. قرار دارند. در متن میگوید: آنها هدف راحت تری (easier targets) برای شکارچیان (predators) هستند.
9. Nesting sea turtles, which seek out dark beaches, find fewer and fewer of them to bury their eggs on. When sea turtles emerge from the eggs, they gravitate toward the brighter, more reflective sea horizon but find themselves confused by artificial lighting behind the beach. In Florida alone, hatchling losses number in the hundreds of thousands every year. Frogs and toads living on the side of major highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, disturbing nearly every aspect of their behavior, including their night-time breeding choruses.
Migrating birds: Early migration may mean the ….11 (4)….. are not suitable on arrival.
پرنده های مهاجر: مهاجرت زودهنگام آنها بدین معتی است که در بدو ورود آنها ….. مناسب (آماده) نیست.
در دو سطر آخر پاراگراف هشتم، معادل همه این کلمات کلیدی را میابیم:
early migration = leaving prematurely
mean = mean
suitable = right
arrival = reach
تمام کلمات کلیدی سوال و متن با هم همخوانی دارد و در جای خالی early migration را قرار میدهیم.
مفهوم جمله ی آخر پاراگراف هشتم: مهاجرت نارس (زودتر از موعد) به معنی این است که در بدو ورود شرایط لانه سازی آماده نیست.
9. Nesting sea turtles, which seek out dark beaches, find fewer and fewer of them to bury their eggs on. When sea turtles emerge from the eggs, they gravitate toward the brighter, more reflective sea horizon but find themselves confused by artificial lighting behind the beach. In Florida alone, hatchling losses number in the hundreds of thousands every year.
Sea turtles: They suffer from the decreasing number of ….12 (5)….
لاک پشتهای دریایی: آنها از تعداد رو به کاهش …. در رنج هستند.
در دو سطر ابتدای پاراگراف نهم ، اشاره میکند که لاکپشت های دریایی، که در بدر بدنبال (suffer from) سواحل تاریک میگردند و روز بروز کمتر آنها را می یابند. (= decreasing number)
9. Nesting sea turtles, which seek out dark beaches, find fewer and fewer of them to bury their eggs on. When sea turtles emerge from the eggs, they gravitate toward the brighter, more reflective sea horizon but find themselves confused by artificial lighting behind the beach. In Florida alone, hatchling losses number in the hundreds of thousands every year. Frogs and toads living on the side of major highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, disturbing nearly every aspect of their behavior, including their night-time breeding choruses.
Frogs and Toads If they are near …..13 (6)….., their routines will be upset.
قورباغه ها و وزغها : اگر در نزدیکی ….. زندگی میکنند، زندگی روزمره شان مختل می شود.
در نیمه دوم پاراگراف نهم، میگویند قورباغه ها و وزغ هایی که در کنار (side= near) بزرگراه های اصلی (major highways) زندگی میکنند، تقریبا تمامی جنبه های رفتاری (routines) به شدت (disturb = upset) می شود.
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