Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of
headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer
sheet.
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
سوالات در اسلاید بعدی، و متن در پی دی اف منوی زیر:
List of Headings
i A contrast between two historic approaches to documentary filmmaking
ii Disagreement between two individual documentary makers
iii A wide range of opportunities to promote documentary filmmaking
14 Paragraph A iv
– The headings refer to a ‘number of criticisms’.
Three criticisms are identified in paragraph A:
Dr Fischer’s; the fact that no-one could agree
on a definition; and the ethics of filming
without consent. These criticisms apply to all
documentaries in the 20th century
– Criticisms of documentaries are mentioned/
implied in other paragraphs (e.g. C discusses
the Direct Cinema movement, which rejected
Grierson’s approach) but this does not apply to
all films, only one type
15 Paragraph B vii
– When the first documentary was produced is
‘open to question’ – hence there is a ‘debate’.
One idea is that Nanook of the North (1922) was
first; however, a group represented by Anthony
Berwick suggests documentaries can be traced
back to 1895.
– Paragraph C also mentions a debate about
documentaries, but this does not refer to their
origins, but rather to how to make them.
14 Paragraph A iv
– The headings refer to a ‘number of criticisms’.
Three criticisms are identified in paragraph A:
Dr Fischer’s; the fact that no-one could agree
on a definition; and the ethics of filming
without consent. These criticisms apply to all
documentaries in the 20th century
– Criticisms of documentaries are mentioned/
implied in other paragraphs (e.g. C discusses
the Direct Cinema movement, which rejected
Grierson’s approach) but this does not apply to
all films, only one type
15 Paragraph B vii
– When the first documentary was produced is
‘open to question’ – hence there is a ‘debate’.
One idea is that Nanook of the North (1922) was
first; however, a group represented by Anthony
Berwick suggests documentaries can be traced
back to 1895.
– Paragraph C also mentions a debate about
documentaries, but this does not refer to their
origins, but rather to how to make them.
16 Paragraph C i
– Two approaches to filmmaking are contrasted
in C. The group typified by John Grierson used
tripods and sometimes staged scenes by asking
subjects to repeat actions. On the other hand, the Direct Cinema movement rejected this approach and preferred more natural films. They used hand-held cameras and did not rehearse subjects.
– Both these approaches are ‘historic’ – in the past.
– As a distraction, the word ‘however’ appears in
the middle of paragraph B. But the two types of
film here are described as ‘similar’; the approach
to filmmaking is not being contrasted, only the
dates when the films were made.
17 Paragraph D viii
– Paragraph D outlines how new technologies
have made it possible for ‘anyone/amateurs’ to
become filmmakers.
– Paragraph F provides distraction, but F is talking about ‘promoting’ films, not ‘creating’ them.
18 Paragraph E v
– The focus here is on ‘one film’ (Catfish). Films are named in many other paragraphs as distraction, but none of them are said to represent the ‘fresh approach’ that is outlined in the whole paragraph.
– The idea of a ‘fresh approach’ is common in E:
‘new generation’, ‘new philosophy’, ‘new trend’,
‘new realisation’, etc.
19 Paragraph F iii
– A wide range of opportunities need to be
mentioned; paragraph F names four festivals and refers to many others.
– Paragraph D provides distraction, but D is about making films, whereas F is about promoting them.
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